Duffy P, Fried M. Antibodies That Inhibit Plasmodium falciparum Adhesion to Chondroitin Sulfate A Are Associated
with Increased Birth Weight and the Gestational Age of Newborns. Infec. and Immu. 71(11): 6620-3; 2003
Shulman CE, Graham WJ, Jilo H, et al. Malaria is an important cause of anaemia in primigravidae: evidence from a district hospital in coastal Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 90(5):535-9; 1996
Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Hightower AW, et al. The effect of malaria and malaria prevention in pregnancy on offspring
birthweight, prematurity, and intrauterine growth retardation in rural Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 55(1 Suppl):33-41; 1996
Menendez C, Ordi J, Ismail MR, et al. The impact of placental malaria on gestational age and birth weight. J Infect Dis. 181(5):1740-5; 2000.
Ismail MR, Ordi J, Menendez C, et al. Placental pathology in malaria: an histological, immunohistochemical and quantitative study. Human Pathology 31(1):85-93; 2000
McGready R, Davison BB, Stepniewska K, et al. The effects of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections on placental
histopathology in an area of low malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 70(4):398-407; 2004
Fried M, Duffy PE. Adherence of Plasmodium falciparum to chondroitin sulfate A in the human placenta. Science 272(5267):1502-4; 1996
Beeson JG, Rogerson SJ, Cooke BM, et al.. Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to hyaluronic acid
in placental malaria. Nat Med. 6(1):86-90; 2000
Fried M, Nosten F, Brockman A, et al. Maternal antibodies block malaria. Nature 395(6705):851-2; 1998
Duffy PE, Fried M. Antibodies that inhibit Plasmodium falciparum adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A are associated with
increased birth weight and the gestational age of newborns. Infect Immun. 71(11):6620-3; 2003
McGregor, I.A. Epidemiology, malaria and pregnancy. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33 (4), 517-525; 1984
Rasheed, F.N., Bulmer, J.N., Dun, D.T.,et al. Suppressed peripheral and placental blood lymphoproliferative responses in
first pregnancies: relevance to malaria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 48(2):154-60; 1993
Shulman, C. E. , Marshall, T. , Dorman, E. K., et al. Malaria in pregnancy: adverse effects on haemoglobin levels and
birthweight in primigravidae and multigravidae. Tropical Medicine & International Health 6 (10): 770-778; 2001
Cot M, Brutus L, Pinell V, et al.. Malaria prevention during pregnancy in unstable transmission areas: the highlands of
Madagascar. Trop Med Int Health. 7(7):565-72; 2002
Okoko BJ, Enwere G, Ota MO. The epidemiology and consequences of maternal malaria: a review of immunological
basis. Acta Trop. 87(2):193-205; 2003
Newman RD, Hailemariam A, Jimma D, et al. Burden of malaria during pregnancy in areas of stable and unstable
transmission in Ethiopia during a nonepidemic year. J Infect Dis. 187(11):1765-72; 2003
Omodeo-Sale F, Motti A, Basilico N, et al. Accelerated senescence of human erythrocytes cultured with Plasmodium
falciparum. Blood 102(2):705-11; 2003
Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, Parise ME, et al. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med
Hyg. 64(1-2 Suppl):28-35; 2001
Bouyou-Akotet MK, Ionete-Collard DE, Mabika-Manfoumbi M, et al. Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in
pregnant women in Gabon. Malar J. 2(1):18; 2003
Malhotra M, Sharma JB, Batra S, et al. Maternal and perinatal outcome in varying degrees of anemia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 79(2):93-100; 2002
Vassiliadis, S., D. Tsoukatos, I. Athanassakis. Interferoninduced class II expression at the spongiotrophoblastic zone of the murine placenta is linked to fetal rejection and developmental abnormalities. Acta Physiol Scand. 151(4):485;1994
Fried M, Muga R, Misore A, et al. Malaria Elicits Type 1 Cytokines in the Human Placenta:IFN-g and TNF-a Associated
with Pregnancy Outcomes. Jour. of Immunol. 160(5): 2523-30; 1998
Suguitan AL Jr, Leke RG, Fouda G, et al. Changes in the levels of chemokines and cytokines in the placentas of women with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 188(7):1074-82; 2003
Abrams ET, Brown H, Chensue SW, et al. Host response to malaria during pregnancy: placental monocyte recruitment is
associated with elevated beta chemokine expression. J Immunol. 170(5):2759-64; 2003
Crocker IP, Tanner OM, Myers JE, et al. Syncytiotrophoblast degradation and the pathophysiology of the malaria-infected placenta. Placenta 25(4):273-82; 2004
Leopardi O, Naughten W, Salvia L, et al. Malaric placentas. A quantitative study and clinico-pathological correlations. Pathol Res Pract. 192(9):892-8; 1996
LeHesran JY, Cot M, Personne P, et al. Maternal placental infection with Plasmodium falciparum and malaria morbidity
during the first 2 years of life. Am J Epidemiol 146(10):826-31; 1997
Luxemburger C, McGready R, Kham A, et al. Effects of malaria during pregnancy on infant mortality in an area of low malaria transmission. Am J Epidemiol. 154(5):459-65; 2001
Tobian AA, Mehlotra RK, Malhotra I, et al. Frequent umbilical cord-blood and maternal-blood infections with Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale in Kenya. J Infect Dis. 182(2):558-63; 2000
Hewson M, Simmer K, Blackmore T. Congenital malaria in a preterm infant. J Paediatr Child Health. 39(9):713-715; 2003
Olowu WA, Torimiro SE. Congenital malaria in 8 hours old newborn: case report. Niger J Med. Apr-11(2):81-2; 2002
Fischer PR. Congenital malaria: an African survey. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 36(7):411-3; 1997
Stoll BJ. The global impact of neonatal infection. Clin Perinatol 1997;24(1):1-21. In: Duffy P. Maternal immunization and
malaria in pregnancy. Vaccine. 2003; 21: 3358-3361.
Okoko BJ, Wesumperuma LH, Ota MO, et al. The influence of placental malaria infection and maternal
hypergammaglobulinemia on transplacental transfer of antibodies and IgG subclasses in a rural West African
population. J Infect Dis. 184(5):627-32; 2001
Okoko BJ, Wesumperuma LH, Hart AC. Materno-foetal transfer of H. influenzae and pneumococcal antibodies is influenced by prematurity and low birth weight: implications for conjugate vaccine trials. Vaccine 20(5-6):647-50; 2001
Duffy P. Maternal immunization and malaria in pregnancy. Vaccine. 2003; 21(24): 3358-61.
Ismaili J, van der Sande M, Holland MJ, et al. Plasmodium falciparum infection of the placenta affects newborn immune
responses. Clin Exp Immunol. 133(3):414-21; 2003
Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Bloland PB, et al. Impairment of a pregnant woman's acquired ability to limit Plasmodium
falciparum by infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55(1 Suppl):42-9; 1996
Mount AM, Mwapasa V, Elliott SR, et al. Impairment of humoral immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in
pregnancy by HIV infection. Lancet 363(9424):1860-7; 2004
Ayisi JG, Branch OH, Rafi-Janajreh A, et al. Does infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus affect the antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigenic determinants in asymptomatic pregnant women? J Infect. 46(3):164-72; 2003
Brahmbhatt H, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. The effects of placental malaria on mother-to-child HIV transmission in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 17(17):2539-41; 2003
Inion I, Mwanyumba F, Gaillard P, et al. Placental malaria and perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis. 188(11):1675-8; 2003
Sirima SB, Sawadogo R, Moran AC, et al. Failure of a chloroquine chemoprophylaxis program to adequately prevent
malaria during pregnancy in Koupela District, Burkina Faso. Clin Infect Dis. 36(11):1374-82; 2003
Strategic framework for malaria control during pregnancy in the WHO African Region. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
van Eijk AM, Ayisi JG, ter Kuile FO, et al. Effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxinepyrimethamine for control of malaria in pregnancy in western Kenya: a hospital-based study. Trop Med Int Health 9(3):351-60; 2004
Newman RD, Parise ME, Slutsker L, et al. Safety, efficacy and determinants of effectiveness of antimalarial drugs during
pregnancy: implications for prevention programmes in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med
Int Health. 8(6):488-506; 2003
Stoll BJ. The global impact of neonatal infection. Clin Perinatol. 24(1):1-21; 1997
Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Hightower AW, et al. The effect of malaria and malaria prevention in pregnancy on offspring
birthweight, prematurity, and intrauterine growth retardation in rural Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 55(1 Suppl):33-41; 1996
Buffet PA, Gamain B, Scheidig C, et al. Plasmodium falciparum domain mediating adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A: a receptor for human placental infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(22):12743-8; 1999
Bill C-9 House of Commons. Canada.
Winstanley P, Ward S, Snow R, et al Therapy of falciparum malaria in sub-saharan Africa: from molecule to policy. Clin
Microbiol Rev. 17(3):612-37; 2004
Global Access to Treatment: Canada's Bill C-9 and the Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceuticals for Export to
Countries in Need. Canadian HIV-AIDS Legal Network. July 2004.