Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Systematic Review

Vol. 10 No. 1 (2007)

Echocardiographic Assessment of Epicardial Adipose Tissue - A Marker of Visceral Adiposity

  • Navneet Singh
  • Harleen Singh
  • Harleen K Khanijoun
  • Gianluca Iacobellis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.26443/mjm.v10i1.469
Submitted
November 1, 2020
Published
2020-12-01

Abstract

Visceral adipose tissue predicts an unfavorable cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile in humans. Existing methods to assess visceral adipose tissue have been limited. Thus, echocardiographic assessment of epicardial adipose tissue as a marker of visceral adiposity was suggested. The technique has been shown to be a very reliable method and an excellent measure of visceral adiposity. In this article, epicardial adipose tissue's localization on the heart, function, method of assessment and reliability as a marker of visceral adiposity is briefly reviewed. Areas of the technique requiring further study are identified.

References

  1. Despres JP. Is Visceral Obesity the Cause of the Metabolic Syndrome? Ann Med 2006; 38: 52-63.
  2. Miller WM, Nori-Janosz KE, Lillystone M, McCullough PA. Obesity and Lipids. Curr Cardiol Rep 2005; 7: 465-470.
  3. Chan JC, Tong PC, Critchley JA. The Insulin Resistance Syndrome: Mechanisms of Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk. Semin Vasc Med 2002; 2: 45-57.
  4. Ross R, Freeman J, Hudson R, Janssen I. Abdominal Obesity, Muscle Composition, and Insulin Resistance in Premenopausal Women. J Endocrinol 2002; 87: 5044-5051.
  5. Taguchi R, Takasu J, Itani Y, et al. Pericardial Fat Accumulation in Men as a Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease. Atherosclerosis 2001; 157: 203-209.
  6. Ross R, Shaw KD, Martel Y, de Guise J, Avruch L. Adipose Tissue Distribution Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Obese Women. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 57: 470-475.
  7. Ross RL, Leger D, Morris D, de Guise J, Guardo R. Quantification of Adipose Tissue by MRI: Relationship with Anthropometric Variables. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 787-795.
  8. Gronemeyer SA, Steen RG, Kauffman WM, Reddick WE, Glass JO. Fat Adipose Tissue (FAT) Assessment by MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 18: 815-818.
  9. Wei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Waist Circumference as the Best Predictor of Noninsulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) Compared to Body Mass Index, Waist/hip Ratio and Other Anthropometric Measurements in Mexican Americans--a 7-year Prospective Study. Obes Res 1997; 5: 16-23.
  10. Thomas EL, Saeed N, Hajnal JV, Brynes A, Goldstone AP, Frost G, Bell JD. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Total Body Fat. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 1778-1785.
  11. Bonora E, Micciolo R, Ghiatas AA, et al. Is it Possible to Derive a Reliable Estimate of Human Visceral and Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue from Simple Anthropometric Measurements? Metabolism 1995; 44: 1617-1625.
  12. Iwao S, Iwao N, Muller DC, Elahi D, Shimokata H, Andres R. Does Waist Circumference Add to the Predictive Power of the Body Mass Index for Coronary Risk? Obes Res 2001; 9: 685-695.
  13. Kamel EG, Mcneill G, Van Wijk MC. Usefulness of Anthropometry and DXA in Predicting Intra-abdominal Fat in Obese Men and Women. Obes Res 2000; 8: 36-42.
  14. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Obesity and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in 27,000 Participants from 52 Countries: a Case-control Study. Lancet 2005; 5: 1640-1649.
  15. Iacobellis G, Assael F, Ribaudo MC, et al. Epicardial Fat from Echocardiography: a New Method for Visceral Adipose Tissue Prediction. Obes Res 2003; 11: 304-310.
  16. Iacobellis G, Corradi D, Sharma AM. Epicardial Adipose Tissue: Anatomic, Biomolecular and Clinical Relationships with the Heart. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2005; 2: 536-543.
  17. Corradi D, Maestri R, Callegari S, et al. The Ventricular Epicardial Fat is Related to the Myocardial Mass in Normal, Ischemic and Hypertrophic Hearts. Cardiovasc Pathol 2004; 13: 313-316.
  18. Okamoto Y, Arita Y, Nishida M, et al. An Adipocyte-derived Plasma Protein, Adiponectin, Adheres to Injured Vascular Walls. Horm Metab Res 2000; 32: 47-50.
  19. Marchington JM, Mattacks CA, Pond CM. Adipose Tissue in the Mammalian Heart and Pericardium: Structure, Fetal Development and Biochemical Properties. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1989; 94: 225-232
  20. Mazurek T, Zhang L, Zalewski A, et al. Human Epicardial Adipose Tissue is a Source of Inflammatory Mediators. Circulation 2003; 108: 2460-2466.
  21. Baker AR, Silva NF, Quinn DW, et al. Human Epicardial Adipose Tissue Expresses a Pathogenic Profile of Adipocytokines in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2006; 13: 1.
  22. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, et al. Adipocyte-derived Plasma Protein Adiponectin acts as a Platelet-derived Growth Factor- BB-binding Protein and Regulates Growth Factor-induced Common Postreceptor Signal in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell. Circulation 2002; 105: 2893-2898.
  23. Iacobellis G, Pistilli D, Gucciardo M, et al. Adiponectin Expression in Human Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Vivo is Lower in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Cytokine 2005; 29: 251-255.
  24. Iacobellis G, Leonetti F, Singh N, Sharma AM. Relationship of Epicardial Adipose Tissue with Atrial Dimensions and Diastolic Function in Morbidly Obese Subjects. Int J Cardiol 2006; In Press.
  25. Iacobellis G, Ribaudo MC, Assael F, et al. Echocardiographic Epicardial Adipose Tissue is Related to Anthropometric and Clinical Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome: a New Indicator of Cardiovascular Risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 5163-5168.
  26. Iacobellis G, Ribaudo MC, Zappaterreno A, Iannucci CV, Leonetti F. Relation between Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Left Ventricular Mass. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 1084-1087.
  27. Wheeler GL, Shi R, Beck SR, et al. Pericardial and Visceral Adipose Tissues Measured Volumetrically with Computed Tomography are Highly Associated in Type 2 Diabetic Families. Invest Radiol 2005; 40: 97-101.
  28. Maurovich-Horvat P, Massaro J, Fox CS, et al. Comparison of Anthropometric, Area- and Volume-based Assessment of Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue Volumes using Multi-detector Computed Tomography. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; Sep 5 [Epub ahead of print].
  29. Sharma AM. Adipose Tissue: a Mediator of Cardiovascular Risk. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 4: S5-7.
  30. Baker AR, Silva NF, Quinn DW, et al. Human Epicardial Adipose Tissue Expresses a Pathogenic Profile of Adipocytokines in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2006; 13(5): 1.
  31. Iacobellis G, Pistilli D, Gucciardo M, et al. Adiponectin Expression in Human Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Vivo is Lower in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Cytokine 2005; 29: 251-255.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.